Specialist Designation

Chartered Health Economist® (Ch.HE®)

Apply economic theory to one of the world's most critical sectors - analysing health care systems, evaluating interventions, and informing policy for better population health outcomes.

Chartered Health Economist (Ch.HE®) - AAFM Board Certification
10%+
of GDP spent on health care in most developed nations
170+
Countries where the Ch.HE® designation is recognised
$101k
Median annual salary for economists in health-related roles
5,000+
Pearson VUE exam centres globally

About the Programme

Health economics applies economic theories of consumer, producer, and social choice to understand the decisions of individuals, health care providers, organisations, and governments. The Ch.HE® programme uses these principles to address issues from technology evaluation and drug pricing to vaccine access, pandemics, and global health equity.

Chartered Health Economists apply theories of production, efficiency, competition, and regulation to help the public and private sector make cost-effective, equitable decisions - including economic evaluation of new technologies, pricing policy, and anti-trust analysis.

A growing field. The WHO and World Bank rely heavily on health economic analysis to guide resource allocation across member states. As health care expenditure rises globally, demand for credentialled health economists is accelerating.

Health Industry Overview

Health care accounts for over 10 per cent of GDP in most developed nations and is the world's largest employer when all sub-sectors are counted together. Key characteristics of the sector include:

  • Consistent employment growth that outpaces most other industries
  • A highly fragmented market with no single firm holding dominant pricing power
  • Constant innovation under intensified regulatory scrutiny
  • Strong correlation between national income levels and health expenditure

Large developing economies - India, China, Brazil, Russia - spend proportionately less on health care than industrialised nations, creating significant growth potential and a strong need for economic expertise in shaping reform.

Programme Objectives

Health economics provides a framework for allocating limited health resources to meet demand for services, promotion, and prevention. Starting from three core economic questions - what to produce, how to produce it, and who should receive it - the programme develops skills in:

  • Cost-effectiveness and cost-benefit analysis
  • Health technology assessment and drug appraisal
  • Health financing and insurance design
  • Market analysis, regulation, and public policy evaluation

From this starting point, three basic questions arise:

  • What goods and services shall we produce?
  • How shall we produce them?
  • Who shall receive them?

Economic evaluation generates evidence-based information - through cost-effectiveness or cost-benefit analysis - to guide resource allocation decisions. All public health decisions have resource implications, making this analytical framework indispensable for health care workers, medical professionals, and policy makers alike.

Role of a Health Economist

What do Health Economists do?

Health economists investigate how resources are distributed and used across health care systems, working in both public and private settings. They evaluate policies and address challenges including:

  • Alternative ways of production and delivery of health care
  • Planning, budgeting and monitoring of health care services
  • Economic evaluation - relating the costs and benefits of alternative ways of delivering health care

Economic evaluation forms the largest share of a health economist's workload and is most directly relevant to managers and practitioners.

Health Economists should:

  • Develop programme objectives, strategies and study methods on health care
  • Design and execute research studies to guide effective use of information and resources
  • Lead and direct plans to calculate various costs related to health care
  • Utilise research programmes on health economic topics
  • Suggest new health outcomes for treatment and prevention of health issues
  • Evaluate current and proposed strategies and interpret findings
  • Proactively identify market access opportunities through effective planning and financially sound business proposals
  • Effectively allocate and deploy resources including people, activities, projects and investment
  • Contribute to strategic discussions and market-access planning processes
  • Communicate economic assessment results to appropriate internal audiences
  • Develop and execute health economic models and methods to reduce cost
  • Perform economic analysis and model plans for health care programmes
  • Communicate academic literature, presentations and reports on research findings to update on new issues, solutions and other topics
  • Ensure that medical care is provided to all patients in an efficient and effective way
  • Provide lectures or educational sessions to educate about health economics
  • Manage budget and cost estimates according to plans
  • Manage business relationships with doctors, patients, economists and other stakeholders

Health Economists also contribute to ongoing projects, assisting with:

  • Economic analysis, cash flow, risk analysis and valuation in the health industry
  • Conducting micro-economic analysis applicable to all sectors of the health care supply chain
  • Analysing rates, margins, long-term contracts and market demand forecasts to determine economic viability in the health sector
  • Adjusting cash flow analysis for risk and uncertainty
  • Identifying advancement in health care processes and technology
  • Identifying marketing and pricing of health care products and services
  • Conducting feasibility studies and preparing sensitivity/risk analysis reports
  • Applying break-even analysis and understanding its implications

Key Benefits of the Programme

As health resources become more constrained and intervention options multiply, evidence-based decision-making is more important than ever. The Ch.HE® equips candidates to:

  • Understand how to allocate scarce health resources and assess the effects on human health
  • Analyse and propose improvements to existing health service systems to make them more effective
  • Understand how the distribution of health resources across places and times affects population health
  • Develop economic models linking health service providers with individual patients while accounting for risk factors
  • Apply market economics principles to individual health-related cases and improve decision-making
  • Demonstrate a systematic understanding of the application of health economics in healthcare decision-making
  • Critically evaluate current research in health economics for clinical and policy decisions
  • Apply a critical awareness of current issues in health economic evaluations
  • Implement health economic evaluations in clinical practice scenarios
  • Identify how to construct cash flow projections for health care projects
  • Attain Super Specialist Status in "Health Economics" with both the knowledge and skill to perform your duties as a Chartered Health Economist
  • Add a globally recognised professional designation and post-nominal to your resume, business card and email signature
  • Access one of the top economic and financial professional networks around the globe

Who Should Attend

Suitable for a wide range of professionals, including:

  • Health care professionals seeking economics expertise
  • Economic research analysts in health policy
  • Investors and management consultants advising health care organisations
  • Macroeconomic policy analysts
  • Policy makers in health ministries and regulatory bodies
  • Professionals in pharmaceutical, biotech and medical device industries
  • Researchers and academics in health and social sciences
  • Public health professionals seeking a grounding in economic methods

Educational Requirements

  • Graduates (Any Stream): Pass Level 1 - Chartered Economist Exam.
  • Postgraduates in Economics: Directly pursue the Chartered Health Economist® designation.

Career Opportunities

The Ch.HE® opens strong career prospects across the health sector globally. Roles include:

  • Health Economist - Government Health Ministry or Department
  • Economic Analyst - National Health Authority
  • Health Policy Analyst - International organisations (WHO, World Bank)
  • Health Technology Assessment Specialist - Pharmaceutical companies
  • Outcomes Research Economist - Biotech and medical device firms
  • Health Insurance and Financing Advisor
  • Research Economist - Academic and public health institutions
  • Consultant in Health Care Economics and Strategy

Skills Required

Key Skills and Proficiencies of a Chartered Health Economist:

  • Analytical Skills: Ability to review health and economic data in detail, observe patterns, perform advanced calculations and draw logical conclusions.
  • Critical-thinking Skills: Use logic and reasoning to solve complex problems - for instance, identifying how economic trends affect a health care organisation.
  • Speaking Skills: Explain economic work to others through presentations and reports for clients who may not have a background in economics.
  • Writing Skills: Present findings clearly in reports for colleagues, clients, journals or news media.
  • Mathematical Proficiency: Expert knowledge of algebra, statistics, calculus and econometrics and their applications in health contexts.
  • Research Ability: Undertake independent research and effectively identify problems in health systems and policy.
  • Regulatory Knowledge: Familiarity with laws, government regulations, executive orders and procedures relevant to health care.
Programme Curriculum

Curriculum of the Chartered Health Economist®

The curriculum provides an in-depth study of health economics, covering the behaviour of individuals, providers and systems, and building skills in economic evaluation and health policy analysis. Candidates are expected to explore the moral and individual dimensions of health economics and to understand their responsibilities as a Chartered Health Economist.

This part introduces the economic approach to health and health care. Candidates will gain a basic understanding of scarcity, opportunity cost and choice in health contexts, and explore the three fundamental questions - what to produce, how to produce it, and who should receive it - as applied to health care systems.

The module also covers the distinct characteristics of health care as an economic good: uncertainty, information asymmetry, externalities and the role of insurance. Candidates will leave with a strong conceptual foundation for all subsequent modules in health economics.

This module examines the determinants of demand for health care, including price, income, insurance coverage and health status, and contrasts these with the factors that shape supply - provider capacity, technology, regulation and costs of production. The role of incentives on both sides of the market is analysed in depth.

Candidates will also explore supplier-induced demand, the principal-agent relationship between patients and providers, and how these market features justify public intervention in health care delivery and financing.

Cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) and cost-benefit analysis (CBA) are the two primary tools used to inform health care resource allocation decisions. This module provides a rigorous introduction to both frameworks - covering measurement of costs, health outcomes (including QALYs), and incremental cost-effectiveness ratios - alongside their practical application to drug appraisals and service evaluations.

Candidates will also study cost-utility analysis, budget impact modelling, and the principles of sensitivity analysis and uncertainty, equipping them to critically evaluate published economic evaluations in clinical literature.

This module analyses how health care systems are financed, comparing taxation-funded models, social health insurance, private insurance and out-of-pocket payment. Concepts of risk pooling, adverse selection, moral hazard and community rating are examined in the context of insurance market design and regulation.

Candidates will explore health financing reforms from both developed and developing country perspectives, assessing equity, efficiency and financial protection. The module includes analysis of India's health financing landscape alongside international comparisons.

Health care is not a typical competitive market. This module examines the structure of health care markets - including hospital industries, pharmaceutical markets and primary care - with a focus on competition, market power, pricing behaviour and the consequences of monopoly and oligopoly.

Provider behaviour, incentive structures (fee-for-service versus capitation versus bundled payment) and the economics of quality are covered in depth, alongside the growing role of private sector participation and public-private partnerships in health care delivery.

This module examines the economic rationale for government intervention in health care - externalities, public goods, merit goods and information failures - and surveys the main policy instruments available: taxes and subsidies, price regulation, quality standards and public provision.

Candidates will evaluate health policies in practice, including vaccination programmes, tobacco and alcohol taxation, and pharmaceutical regulation, using cost-benefit frameworks. The role of behavioural economics and nudge theory in public health policy is also introduced.

This module addresses the economic dimensions of major global health challenges, including pandemics, communicable and non-communicable disease burdens, migration and displaced populations, obesity and climate-related health risks. Candidates analyse international resource allocation, vaccine access economics and the role of global institutions such as the WHO and World Bank.

The module also examines the link between economic development and population health, exploring how income, education and social determinants interact with health outcomes across different country contexts.

This module equips candidates with the quantitative skills needed to conduct health economic research, including the use of health administrative data, patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) and clinical trial data. Econometric and statistical methods used in health economics - including regression analysis, survival analysis and instrumental variable approaches - are covered in an applied context.

Candidates will also study patient-level economic modelling, real-world evidence and the use of national datasets to inform health technology assessment and provider performance measurement.

Programme Fees

Fees for the Chartered Health Economist®

Fee HeadResident StudentOverseas Student
Registration FeeRs. 40,000 + GSTUSD 1,000
Registration RenewalRs. 10,000 + GSTUSD 100
Examination Fee - Chartered Economist®Rs. 5,000 + GSTUSD 100
Examination Fee - Chartered Health Economist®Rs. 10,000 + GSTUSD 100

Salary Prospects

Median annual wages for economists in the top health-related roles (indicative figures, USD):

Role / SectorIndicative Annual Salary
Health Economist$95,000 - $130,000
Health Technology Assessment Specialist$110,000 - $150,000
Pricing & Market Access Analyst$100,000 - $145,000
Health Policy Research Economist$85,000 - $120,000
Senior Health Economist / Consultant$140,000 - $200,000+
Questions & Answers

Frequently asked questions

The Ch.HE® is a specialist designation awarded by AAFM® USA, recognised in 170+ countries. It applies economic theories of production, efficiency, competition, and regulation to health care systems - equipping graduates to evaluate technologies, design financing models, and advise on health policy. The designation confers Super Specialist Status in Health Economics and may be used as a post-nominal on your CV and professional profiles.

Graduates of any stream must first pass the Level 1 Chartered Economist® (Ch.E®) examination before pursuing the Ch.HE®. Postgraduates in Economics may enrol for the Ch.HE® directly. The programme is ideal for health care professionals seeking economics expertise, policy analysts, pharmaceutical and biotech professionals, public health practitioners, and researchers in health and social sciences.

Registration is Rs. 29,000 + GST for resident students (USD 1,000 for overseas students). The Level 1 Chartered Economist® exam fee is Rs. 3,000 + GST; the specialist Ch.HE® examination fee is Rs. 10,000 + GST. All fees are payable to AAFM India; GST applies at the prevailing rate for resident students.

The Ch.HE® is self-paced and delivered entirely online, with most candidates completing it in approximately six months. The specialist exam is held between the 10th and 20th of each month at 5,000+ Pearson VUE centres globally. The exam comprises 55 questions over 115 minutes, with a 50% pass mark and no negative marking.

Health Economist roles command salaries of $95,000-$130,000 annually; Health Technology Assessment Specialists earn $110,000-$150,000; and Senior Health Economists or consultants can earn $140,000-$200,000 or more. The median annual salary for economists in health-related roles is approximately $101,000, and Ch.HE® holders with specialist certification typically earn up to 27% more than uncertified peers.

The eight-module curriculum covers Foundations of Health Economics, Demand and Supply of Health Care, Economic Evaluation Methods (CEA, CBA, QALYs), Health Insurance and Financing, Health Care Markets and Providers, Public Health Policy and Regulation, Global Health Challenges (pandemics, climate, migration), and Health Data and Outcomes Analysis. Together these modules build quantitative, policy, and market skills for the full range of health economics careers.

Take the Next Step

Earn the Chartered Health Economist® designation today

Join AAFM's global network of specialist economists and advance your career in health care policy, research and management.